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This page will usually contain the notes we generate in class. The newest notes will appear at the top of the page.
June 1 The Building of Rome Julius Caesar, by declaring himself dictator, ended Republic system of democratic govt. Previous to conquering Gaul, he awed people by building a 1,000 foot bridge over Rhine in modern day Germany, first Roman to cross Rhine, marched with 40K soldiers, barbarian hordes were thunderstruck by the technological achievement – enemies of Rome now thought twice about messing with Rome, many Romans were also suitably impressed Roads were intimidating to other cities/armies – wow, these guys mean business 312 BC first roads started Via Appia Antica was the first road known as Appian Way 132 miles of road from Rome – southward waterproof concrete allowed Romans to build in and under water – piers, bridges – concrete allow Rome to build “Rome like” cities throughout empire – “new Rome” had lots of jobs, higher standard of living; mixture water, lime and the new secret ingredient pozzolana ash from volcanoes bonus concrete info from https://sites.google.com/a/brvgs.k12.va.us/roman-technology/concrete-ralph– At first, this cement was used as mortar to bind together bricks in foundations and city blocks. In time, the entire empire was stitched together with concrete infrastructure that supported its lifestyle - roads, aqueducts, dams, and many other practical structures. The Romans had a very organized system of construction based around the speed and efficiency that was made possible by using concrete instead of masonry as the Greeks did. Engineers standardized their methods of working with concrete to perfect them over time, and detailed planning work went into every project to ensure a high level of craftsmanship. The simpler method of pouring concrete into a wooden framework also decreased the need for skilled labor, making it economical and easier to implement across the vastness of the empire in comparison to the more laborious masonry construction. Back to regular notes aqueducts – brought water from mtns. to city (Rome) dig through mountains – gradient of 7” per 100 ft. Claudius was responsible for two of the most important aqueducts, conquered Britana (modern day England) even Caesar failed to conquer B) Aqueducts were the best invention of Rome, running water in many homes, Romans thought they were better because they cleaner Rome also had the first sewage system, still in use today, water carried waste into Tiber River, system known as Cloaca Maxima. Bonus sewer system facts – pretty interesting! WASTEWATER SYSTEMS (from http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/rome/ Water from the baths, latrines, palaces, fountains, etc., as well as other urban runoff was discharged into Rome's drainage and wastewater collection system. Several centuries before the birth of Christ, Etruscan engineers built the initial drainage system (Cloaca Maxima) whose main outlet into the Tiber River still exists 28 centuries later. The covered drains were designed on such a large scale that in certain sections wagons loaded with hay could drive through with ease. Rome's sewers and drains emptied directly into the Tiber, whose polluted state must have been a constant problem for the Roman populace. The Roman sewers have been overpraised. Despite their longevity, they ignored basic sanitary principles. They carried sewage, urban runoff, and drainage water together. This multiple employment made it necessary to have large openings along the streets. These openings exposed Rome's populace to the effluvia of the sewers. To mitigate this danger to public health, Romans had only two protections: (1) the masses of water from infiltration and the aqueducts which constantly flushed the drains, and (2) the hilly nature of the city which gave the drains a steep slope. The Roman sewer system probably carried off at least as much water as the aqueducts provided. Consumptive use in Rome was not high and there was a lot of infiltration into the drains from groundwater (parts of Rome are constructed over swamps). The flow of the Tiber River was greatly increased by discharges from Rome's sewers. Although the ancient sewers were very skillfully constructed, they were not used to their full potential. There were few private connections to the sewers. Even with the wastewater system's shortcoming, it is astonishing to note the absence of significant improvements in collection systems until the 1840's, some 17 centuries later. Romans without indoor facilities were forced into one of two options. For a relatively small charge they could enter one of the city's public latrines or they could use chamberpots. (The Roman latrine system must represent one of history's earliest employments of the pay toilet, or more correctly, pay latrine, since the modern toilet was not invented until the sixteenth century.) Rome's elaborate latrines were not a haven for the lazy, the misers, the poor, or the invalids. These latter groups had to resort to chamberpots. These were emptied into vats placed under the stairwells or, if vats were not provided, jars could be emptied into a nearby cesspool or an opening into the central sewer (Figure 4). There were many who found their stairs too steep, the distances to cesspools or sewers too far, and who found it more energy efficient to empty the contents of their chamberpots from windows onto the streets below. Emptying chamberpots in this fashion caused a great deal of irritation to passersby who happened to intercept an unwanted gift. (A chamberpot is a fancy word for a bucket) To see a Roman latrine got to http://www.sewerhistory.org/images/wh/whr/whr01.jpg May 21 Saul/Paul early preacher traveled from Asia Minor - eastern med region spread message of Christ, had been on way to Damascus when he “blinded by the light” (God), not everyone on his travels liked him or his message but many did and small pockets of C popped up, looking to convert people (AD 47 – AD 64) Jews – first monotheistic religion (one god), still waiting for the Messiah (son of God), sometimes called Hebrews & Israelites Abraham told by God move from Ur to Canaan 1900 BC to start a new nation A’s grandson Jacob became known as Israel “one who wrestles with God” Later 1700 BC Israelites moved to Egypt due to famine Moses 1200’s BC led Israelites from slavery out of Egypt (Exodus) 40 year journey back to Promised Land (Canaan) Moses brought down Ten Commandments from Mt. Sinai covenant between God and Jews = God will protect Jews if they follow his laws and follow only him; Christianity believes in the same covenant and the Ten C form the basis of much of the Western World’s ideas about law and justice King David 1000’s BC Isaraelites defeat Philistines and capture city of Jerusalem made it capital of Israelite empire – David’s dynasty lasted 400 years David died 961 BC son Solomon took over – known as wise, smart ruler constructed lots of temples expanded empire Temple in Jerusalem was mighty and a symbol of their faith Israelites squabbled and broke into two kingdoms, eventually fell to Assyrians and then the Babylonians the B destroyed Jerusalem, 15K Jews taken prisoner – the religion almost faded away The Jewish ideas/history were written down in the Torah in 400s BC, waiting for messiah “anointed one” would bring message of universal peace and justice (Christians believe Jesus was the messiah) Christians – believe in same god as Jews and in the Old Testament which was written by Jews - has Ten Commandments, Noah’s Ark, creation – Jesus is the son of God Protestants, Greek Orthodox and Catholics are Christians Islam – practioneers called Muslims, belief in same god as Jews and C, believe Jesus was a prophet, holy book Koran disciple – follower of a leader or message that works to spread the message okay to be Jew in Rome until too many Jews refused to belief in Roman gods; two Jewish revolts – Jews were slaughtered AD 64 ROME burned, Nero blamed C, many Romans already didn’t like C, many C were killed in cruel ways C were thought to be in a secret club - didn’t attend public festivals - ideas of C wacky idea that money & property should be shared with poor went against R love of wealth - early churches gave food to poor - conscience kept C from depicting Roman gods/religion - many C didn’t serve in army went against love one’s enemies May 14 What were the causes and effects of the Fall of the Roman Republic? 50 B.C. -R Rep size USA -rich became richer poor became poorer -slaves were far more numerous - R leaders selfish – money hungry -unscrupulous rulers shunned poor caused conflicts rich and poor army mostly poor troops fought for money, not glory of Rome, loyal to generals bring victory & wealth - generals battled each other - Julius Caesar – patrician general w/ bold ideas for glory Sought military fame to met his dreams 9 yr battle in Gaul (France) brought wealth & power & loyalty troops Senate said come home w/o troops – prove your loyalty to Rome • instead crossed Rubicon with troops – treason • three years of civil war, C finally won - beat Pompey • declared himself dictator – absolute ruler 49 B.C. • consequence = end of democratic republic 44 BC MARCH 15 Ides of March – Caesar assassinated (political murder) by senators feared his becoming king and taking Senate power (Et tu, Brutus) assassins felt they saved Rome but were set upon by mobs of angry Caesar fans 13 years of civil war raged Octavian, Caesar’s adopted son upon death, won the war united Rome Very popular, like Caesar he made life better for average Roman citizen Named Augustus – “respected one” – in 27 BC by Senate Ruled as “First Citizen” until A.D. 14 Augustus reign was time of peace and prosperity, empire extended 60 million people, 40 provinces – territories – led by governors picked by A and Senate A considered first emperor Pax Romana Latin for Peace of Rome – the Golden Age of Rome, peace, prosperity, political and cultural dominance 27 BC – A.D. 180 How was the Empire ruled? A adopted Tiberius to set him up as his successor - in A.D. 14 T became emperor Four families had consecutive dynasties/ power until A.D. 235 when 50 years of civil war started Was the time of Pax Romana always peaceful? Rebellion/ resistance / uprisings in Gaul and Britain were squelched Jewish rebellion in Judea A.D. 66 and A.D. 132 were crushed May 13 Earn ten bonus points on Thursday's Rome quiz by writing "Hail Caesar" on the quiz. You must spell Caesar correctly to get the points. May 6 ROME! Rome founded in 753 B.C. by Romulus - the first king Rome had kings- that were advised by a senate Senate- (Latin) old men King was a military and political leader and the chief priest GEOGRAPHY farmers grew grapes, olives and were herders Tiber River runs through Rome. Rome was built on seven hills- kept enemies at bay Tiber River good for transportation and trade Mediterranean Sea is 15 miles away via Tiber River Rome difficult to attack since the river is easier to defend than a bay or harbor Tiber provides good access to other places via Med. which is Latin for "our sea" RISE of Republic Page 406 Patricians ad Plebeians *republic-citizens vote for leaders to run government *consuls-replaced kings and guided by senate *patricians-members of wealthy families (not too many, rich) *plebeians-everyone who wasn’t in power, storekeepers, farmers, peasants, shopkeepers, lots of them, some plebians were wealthy and resented not having access to power * one's place in a social class was determined by birth *debt bondage-paying off money by becoming a servant to the patrician that loaned money *plebeians were cranky about debt ondage, paying taxes to oppressors, and wanted equal rights *plebeians left Rome, and the patricians were worried - who would do the work and who would protect the city COUNCIL of PLEBEIANS was formed when plebians left Rome *Tribunes-elected leaders by council of plebians *patricians said “come on back” *plebeians got… ~assembly and tribunes ~could overrule any unjust law that affected plebeians ~got laws written down to increase fairness (laws written on Twelve Tables) slaves also were a large segment of the population - they were captured in war and had no rights April 16th Alexander the Great Study Guide You are probably reasonably ready for the test if you can answer all of the following questions in detail without referring to your notes. Who was ATG’s dad, and what was his plan when he was suddenly killed by a former guard? Can you explain the use and benefit of the following weapons and tactics invented or improved by ATG’s dad? crossbow catapult siege tower sarissa calvary phalanx infantry Why was ATG considered by the Egyptians to be a god? Which enemy empire was forced to flee Egypt and did so without a fight when ATG and his troops showed up? Can you explain in detail ATG’s 13 year, 22,000-mile journey of conquest? Define Hellenism and ATG’s crucial role in its development and spread. Be sure to cite and discuss language, culture, food & fashion religion, gods, literature, ideas of math, sci, layout of cities, (architecture) Greek administrators, engineering, and education What was ATG’s goal in life? What was ATG’s education? What two works by Homer greatly influenced ATG? Explain the term might tempered by mercy. Would you agree that ATG’s soldiers were loyal to their fearless and intelligent leader? Words to own and use diplomacy city of Tyre causeway invincible scorch the earth fortification coalition Macedonian When and where was ATG born? Was he Greek? How, when and where did ATG die? April 9th demise--- to lose power vie for dominance—fight for power and recognition as a leader invincible—can accomplish anything; defies death barbarians—people not considered civilized counterattack---when attacked, launch an attack against the aggressor corps of engineers—a group of talented people who are engineers reinvented the army—an army that is substandard is transformed into being “topnotch” diplomacy---using words not physical contact to gain support / agreement coalition—groups that join together for a common cause alliances—an oath or promise made between groups to stand together for a common cause siege craft—a type of weapon used when using the strategy of “laying siege” --to surround and cut off from reinforcements and supplies torsion catapult—a weapon used to hurl an object at high speed and long distance to a target sarissa—a LONG spear---some 18 feet long phalanx—a formation in the shape of a rectangle made up of rows and columns of armed foot soldiers calvary—armed men who “ride” into battle infantry—armed men who are foot soldiers scorch the earth-- a strategy used in war in which everything in an area is intentionally burned to cause submission or as a form of punishment for resistance Macedonia—A Greek city-state that “always was the bridesmaid and never a bride”; not considered real Greeks assassinated---an important person who is murdered fortification---a barrier created to stop invaders / entry siege tower—a movable offensive weapon used when implemnting “siege strategy” eutralize the Persian fleet—by using smart tactics the target loses advantage and is rendered helpless and cannot carry out any offensive strategy laying siege-- to surround and cut off from reinforcements and supplies so the victim target has only two choices—to fight to the death or surrender tried diplomacy----- a tactic using words not physical contact to gain support / agreement / compliance ( going along with what is asked) Tyre—an important ancient city causeway---a man-made stretch of land that crosses water to connect two different bodies of land (in nature---such a stretch of land is called an isthmus) Feb. 26th democracy – people rule; demos = Greek for people, kratos = Greek for rule direct democracy– every citizen can suggest, discuss, and vote on laws, budgets, and treaties; works well in smaller settings like towns, city-states representative democracy – citizens elect legislators to suggest, discuss, and vote on laws, budgets, and treaties; works well for countries and large communities when it wouldn’t be practical for the thousands of citizens to propose, discuss and vote on government matters Ruler’s whim – unelected ruler makes decisions on guilt and innocence, decisions are not based on code of law but on ruler’s wishes that can change for no reason Jury trials – people decide guilt and innocence, Athens had large juries of 2,000-3,000 tyranny – one leader, usually takes power by force or threat of force oligarchy – few people rule, usually wealthy monarchy – king or queen, inherit power from parent; the flaw is the son or daughter may not be that bright or a good leader Jan. 29th Pericles 1. List what Pericles did to beautify Athens. - built a lot of temples & public bldgs. - Acropolis was the most impressive area. 200 feet above Athens area destroyed by Persians includes The Erechteion, another temple on the Acropolis that has a section for Poseidon and a section for Athena. - Parthenon is on the top of the Acropolis - dedicated to Athena goddess of wisdom & war, had 60’ high statue solid gold! Still standing after Persian invasion. 2. List what Pericles did to protect Athens. - Wall extended to ocean to keep food supply safe - Improved the wall around Athen - Built strong navy 3. What is thought to be the most beautiful building in ancient Athens? Parthenon 4. Was Pericles a fan of democracy? Explain. Yes!!! Tried to include poor citizens to the same extend/degree as the wealthy citizens 20K citizens were paid, so poor could leave jobs and still have a voice in government 5. Athens was thought during its Golden Age to be the school of Greece. Why? - center for art, literature, ideas (philosophers) Jan. 27th * Jan. 29th - Democracy - 510 BC Hippias last tyrant overthrown - first democracy bloomed - powerful effect on Western civilization - D = rule by the people; demos = people; kratos = rule - Two flavors o direct – all citizens vote on laws, budgets, etc. o representative – citizens elect others to vote on important issues, laws, etc. - direct for smaller communities so it worked in city-states - representative works better for larger communities unable to gather all citizens - representative D is most prevalent - Athens council of 500 citizens suggest new laws, etc. for all citizens to vote on - Tyrants had crucial part in birth of D; taught that if people stood with single ruler, could grab power needed for change Rich citizens felt D gave too much power to poorer citizens - poor could vote to raise taxes and hurt rich - poor might want programs that help the poor at the expense of rich - banish – to be sent away - citizens acted as jurors - council of 500 proposed laws Jan. 26th New vocab entries can be found at the below address. Copy it and then paste it in the browser address field. http://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/schools/horace/grade6/corey/wp/default.htm January 15th The Oracle at Delphi -named the center of the universe by Zeus, the number one most powerful god in Greek mythology -the Temple of Apollo was the home of the oracle -Apollo was the son of Zeus only men could visit the oracle to ask a question -priests would intepret the oracle's movements and sounds a- fee was needed along with an animal sacrifice before one could pose a question to the oracle -a woman served as the voice of Apollo and was therefore considered the oracle - the oracle was used for over 1,000 years - used to decide how to fight the Persians, the oracle said wood walls will help win, Athens dispatched its mighty fleet of wood hull ships and won the battle of Marathon January 8th Greece Geography Greece Rugged mountains, bays and inlets Many small islands Aegean Sea connected people but the mountains kept them apart No more than 40 miles from sea Not enough flat farmland for wheat & barley Greece lacked a major river like the Tigris, Euphrates, or Nile Most Greeks were farmers Slaves helped with farming since many male citizens joined armies Climate like southern Calif. year long growing Grapes & olives on hills Only 25% flat enough for grain - needed to trade for grains with other countries via ship Trade led to the sharing of ideas with Egyptians, Persians, and Phoenicians Who: city-states, eg. Athens & Sparta What: city-states are independent cities and the area around them, self-governing When: c-s flourished 600’s-500’s BC in Greece Where: Greece – Athens, Sparta Why: Dark Ages ended 750 BC, trade restarted between c-s’s, battles for farmland sometimes erupted City-State Summary City-states in Greece like Athens and Sparta began to grow and flourish after the Dark Ages ended around 750 B.C. Population and trade increased, and scarce farmland sometimes led to battles between neighboring city-states. These independent cities and the territory surrounding them prospered in the 600’s to 500’s BC. JANUARY 6TH Egypt Magic Book Ingredients Five gifts of Nile Defensive features of Egypt’s geo. Proof of an afterlife Osiris, Ra, Isis, Horus Hatshepshut Lunar calendar All vocabulary Egyptian architecture Pyramids of Giza, Temples at Karnak, obelisk, Abu Simbel (Ramses II), Great Sphinx Role of the pharaoh Rosetta Stone Random Egypt Notes 12-22 Hatshepsut (reigned 1503-1482 B.C.) First E woman pharaoh first woman to rule an empire Time of peace and prosperity Lots of trade with other countries (Punt = Somalia and Byblos = Lebanon) Killed or resigned? No one knows! Her deeds were almost completely erased from history (etching, art, statues, etc.) polytheism = belief in more than one god science achievement = lunar based calendar important for farming (time to plant/sow time to harvest) An obelisk is a tall, thin, four-sided, tapering (gets smaller) monument which ends in a pyramid top. Ramses II built at least 23 obelisks and Hatshepsut buuilt at least four Osiris 12-18-08 second most powerful god son of Ra brought back to life by wife Isis was killed by his brother Seth (sometimes spelled Set) Isis used Ritual of Life to resurrect him (bring him back to life) Ritual of Life found in Book of Dead and brought promise of eternal life to all Egyptians father of Horus had to stay in underworld after his resurrection king of underworld - passed final judgement on deceased said to have green skin and wore a hat with ram's horns Defensive features of Geography 12-17-08 Four defensive features of Egypt’s geography - mountains to the south o hard to cross - Med. Sea to the north – easy to see incoming ships/invaders o Marshy delta had to travel - six cataracts of Nile (rapids/waterfalls hard to travel) mostly to south – protected delta area - Sahara Desert to east and west – impossibly hot – difficult to traverse Various geographical features protected Egypt on all four sides. The maps and pics were added on 12-16-08 12-15-08 Five gifts of the Nile Gifts of the Nile and Irrigation About 2,500 years ago, Herodotus, a Greek visitor to ancient Egypt called the land the “Gifts of The Nile”. Nile is the longest river in the world-flows for approximately 4,150 miles. The gifts of the Nile were very important to the Egyptians. The gifts are 1. fertile rich black mud left behind after annual flooding 2. water for irrigation during hot, dry growing season 3. transportation and trade route 4. protein rich food - birds & fish 5. papyrus for paper, sandals, boats, baskets The gifts from the water were very useful. Each year the river would flood. To take advantage of the annual flooding of the Nile, the people built irrigation channels to carry water into fields. They also built dams to hold back the water for during a drought. Each year the river flooded during July through October. The Nile was the principle means of travel for the people of ancient Egypt. They developed various types of boats, including cargo Here in the contrasting fertile river banks and barren deserts, floods, droughts, black land, and red land, they managed to build an organized, remarkable civilization. Important Roles of Pharaoh 1. thought to be gods – responsible for water for farming 2. own and manage empire (irr. system upkeep & manage surplus) 3. conduct trade ventures 4. prepare tomb for afterlife 5. chief court official – laws 6. army leader – general 7. chief of temple used for religious activities 12-10-08 Afterlife afterlife = life continue after death buried w/ possessions, food & drink, clothes & jewelry, gold, pets - prayers to gods to send person to happy land embalming = treat body with chemicals to prevent decay & save soul mummified body with linen & jewels tomb, kings/queens/pharaohs some were buried in pyramids art work in tombs showed scenes from afterlife Book of the Dead – Feather of Truth – weigh heart with feather, die second death if heart was heavy with sin, if your heart was light, hello happy afterlife polytheism = belief in two or more gods (poly = many; the = Greek for god)(monotheism is the belief in one god) (Judaism was the first monotheistic religion) Osiris = chief of underworld (dead world) wife Isis brought him back to life – had son Horus Ra – god of the sun like in Mes., cities had their own gods Some gods had half animal bodies, all pharaohs were thought to be gods 12-10-08 farm life in Mesopotamia as compared with the Nile Similar 1. Powerful river civilizations (T, E & N) a. floods fertilized farmland b. h2o for irrigation during hot dry growing months 2. needed lots of workers but then specialization of labor 3. wheat & barley 4. used rivers for transportation 5. little or no rain Differences 1. Egypt had just one river 2. Mes. unpredictable floods – floods could drown seeds and people, destroy towns, Nile was usually more predictable 3. (bonus fact - not a difference) Red Land in Egypt was desert, Black Land was fertile farmland bonus river facts rivers flow downhill, many rivers are feed by melting mountain snows that join with other small streams to form large rivers that empty into the sea Important safety tip - run for your life if you see a river flowing uphill! 12-9-08 Read pages 192 and 193. Take Cornell style notes that answer the following prompts. Be sure to summarize your notes on the bottom of the page and leave some room for note updates. Prove that the Egyptians believed in an afterlife. Describe the importance of the Book of the Dead. Define polytheism. Explain the gods of ancient Egypt. Egyptian Writing h – Egyptian writing – over 600 symbols – scribes trained readers/writers (not many people literate) – pics for words/sounds/symbols – for years no one could read the ancient writings – Rosetta Stone – secret decoder ring – used Greek top decipher/translate h – took 20 years – scholars used new knowledge of h to learn about life in ancient Egypt – laws, songs, jokes, business records – trade contracts – taxes, the great deeds of the P - papyrus – paper like reed grow along Nile – pressed into first paper - November 20, 2008 Importance of Sumerian Writing Sumerians invented writing, the plow, the wheel and the sailboat writing invented about 3000 BC Sumer was in Fertile Crescent symbols on bulla led to pictographs which led to 600 cuneiform symbols Phoenicians needed to simplify trading so they took the 600 symbols and created a 22 letter alphabet of sound symbols that could be use din various combinations to make words writing allowed traders to maintain accurate records of imports and exports, protect property and most importantly, make a profit and become powerful writing allowed kings to keep accurate tax records tax revenues allowed kings to... ...build and maintain complicated irrigation systems that supported farms and fed thousands of people ...build and maintain important buildings like ziggurats - combination food warehouses/temps that reached towards the heavens and were used to store food and as place for priests to worship gods, ziggurats were the central buildings of Sumerian and later, Babylonian cities ...maintain armies for defense or empire building ...written laws could be shared with people far and wide to help maintain law and order and minimize threats to the king go to http://looklex.com/e.o/ur.htm to see a picture of a rebuilt ziggurat 11-17-08 Code of Hammurabi - 282 laws - protected men, women, and children unlike many early codes of law - eye for an eye – tooth for a tooth - carved on stone pillar which survived - on top of pillar is a scene of a god giving H the laws – gift from important make people more likely to follow them - not the first code, one of the earlier codes - laws helped him H establish law and order and keep his kingdom together 11-13-08 Two short excerpts about the Code of Hammurabi can be found at http://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/schools/horace/grade6/corey/ss1/codeham.htm 11-12-08 Link to Carl Sagan vidoe about evolution http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvMoC1M-GYw 11-3-08 Beginning of farming summary Farming started about 10,000 years ago in the Middle East. The first permanent settlement started near water sources, especially rivers that provided nutrient rich silt and water for irrigation. Catal Hüyük and Jericho were among the first places where nomadic hunter-gatherers began to domesticate plants and animals; cattle, pigs, sheep, wheat, barley, lentils, and peas. With successful farming, early communities could support more people on less land. For example, 2,000 to 3,000 people lived on ten square acres in Jericho and there were about 1,000 homes in Catal Hüyük. 10-29-08 Start of farming article can be found at http://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/schools/horace/grade6/corey/ss1/farming.htm Different Occupations How did farming bring about the division of labor – specialized jobs? - as farms grew more efficient, less farm workers needed; people could work at non-farm jobs: tool maker, artisan, potter, weapon maker, basket maker - as farms grew, super specialized non-farm jobs like administrator and irrigation managers were needed 10-28-08 luxuries - items such as jewelry, indoor pools, electric moonroofs for indoor pool rooms; items not needed to meet the basic needs; noun necessities = items needed to help meet the basic needs - for example, the plow, hammer, the wheel Disadvantages of Farming crop failure can lead to starvation crops can fail for several reasons insects floods drought animals fire by invading armies natural disasters 10-27-08 agriculture - raising animals and growing plants for humans to eat nomad - a person w/out a permanent home; noun four advantages of farming 1. could grow more than hunter-gatherers could gather 2. support more people on less land 3. could move to harsh land as long as the soil was fertile (less competition) 4. could grow surplus to trade or use during the winter or droughts Notes - Start of Farming 10-21-08 Define fertile = able to support life (plants); adj. sow = to plant seeds/kernels; verb surplus = an extra amount of something; noun famine = widespread hunger/starvation; noun domesticate = tame-control plants & animals to make them useful – food, work, materials like wool, hides, bones, antlers; verb sheep, pigs, cattle, goats earliest domesticated animals wheat, barley, lentils first domesticated plants pages 120-125 Hunter-gatherers (hg) left seeds to sprout next season HG protect animals – herds grew – HG influenced environment of plants & animals 8,000-7,000 seeds sown in Middle East Today's Notes 10-20-08 What is a written source? Letters Money Rosetta Stone Diaries Books, magazines, newspapers Texting Instant messaging What is a non-written source? Bones, fossils, artifacts – tools, jewelry, clothes, drawings, ruins of old buildings Benefits of Language - updated 10-15 Language started approx. 2.5M years ago skeletal remains show evidence of bones necessary for speech enetic evidence now hints that language become far more extensive approx. 200,000 years ago First language thought to be clicking sounds, not words First language was very simple; very few expressions Language allowed hominids to more easily work together To plan animal hunts – strategy sessions Job training – how to build tools, shelters, etc. Share ideas on the use of tools, hunt, and build shelters Pass on traditions Led to the development of culture which includes religion, celebrations, holidays, literature, art, music Talk about the future Improve their ability to meet their basic needs Argue about the best ideas: new inventions, culture Talk about the past and plan for the future Language allow sone to discuss feelings and ideas Language allows humans to share ideas, feelings, and build a sense of community and culture. Tools October 14th & 15th - updated 10-16 What are the benefits of tools? tools allow humans to better control/adapt various environments TOOLS HELPED EARLY HUMANS BETTER MEET THE THREE BASIC NEEDS - FOOD, CLOTHING, SHELTER can take advantage of a greater variety of food stone cutting tools can cut animal hides sharpened antlers can be used to dig for roots tools were first made of stone, then antlers, and bone some single use tools include scrapers from separating flesh form hides, piercing tools for sewing, spears the hand axe is a multi use tool because it could be used to cut wood, dig for roots, serve as a weapon, break open shells simplify life, especially in the drive to meet the three basic needs Homo habilis was the first ancestor to use tools 2.5 million years ago flint was a commonly used to make stone tools tools became more complicated over time and single use tools evolved into multi-use tools (hand axe) technology is the tools, materials, and methods used to control and simplify life Ice Age notes 9-22-08 • temps dropped across the globe • glaciers grew from the North and South Poles • giant sheets of ice up to 2 miles thick sucked up oceans • 20,000 years ago glaciers covered 33% of planet • ocean levels dropped 400 feet • land bridges (Russia to Alaska) and islands that were once covered with ocean water appeared as ocean levels dropped • coastlines expanded as sea levels dropped • once fertile valleys become tundra like as the climate grew colder and drier • plants died out due to colder drier conditions • animals migrated to new lands in search of food • humans followed animals to every continent but Antarctica • most recent Ice Age ended about 10,000 years ago September 4th, 2008 Three basic needs 1. food 2. clothing 3. shelter for warmth and protection from predators Lucy discovered by Donald Johanson Hadar region of Ethiopia - Great Rift Valley remarkable evidence that an eary ancestor walked on two legs (biped) lived 3.2M years ago under 4 feet tall common ancestor to later hominids named for Beatle song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds Charles Darwin proposed the Theory of Evolution in 1871 in his classic book Origin of Species theorized humans and apes share a common ancestor ideas proven by later fossil finds and DNA analysis |
 A statue of Pericles 
The Erechteion which is also located on the Acropolis  Parthenon located on the Acroplis 
View of Delphi today 
The Oracle at Delphi today 
Vase showing the oracle breating the fumes of a laurel tree as she prepares to share her vision. 
Map of ancient Greece 
picture of an inlet 
Osiris 
Osiris 
Osiris 
Osiris Click here for a map of ancient Egypt and some modern day locations. 
 Karnak Temple 
Abu Simbel- 4 statues of Ramses II 
The six collosal statues at the entrace of the Temple of Nefertiti. (Abu Simbel) Nefertiti was the wife of Ramses II    The Great Sphinx at the Pyramids of Giza |
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work-in-progress. We welcome your questions, comments, and feedback on
how we can make it more useful and enjoyable to use. Please contact the Webmaster. "Genius without
education is like silver in the mine." - Benjamin Franklin
Updated:
August 19, 2009
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©1995-2008 Town of Franklin, Massachusetts, All
Rights Reserved. This website and its contents are the exclusive property of
Town of Franklin. No contents may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
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information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
Town Administration. Permission to use includes acknowledging the source
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