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September 26
Ice Age explained at
http://geography.howstuffworks.com/terms-and-associations/ice-age1.htm
Check out my other Ice Age stuff linked to my ss page
September 15, 2011  
BBC Video Ice Age and Neanderthals Click Ice Age Info to learn more about Ice Ages.  Solid line indicates southern most line of ice during most recent Ice Age. Dotted line is for earlier ice sheets.   Olduvai Gorge PBS page about Olduvai Gorge Click here to see the example ready reference/magic book I made in class today. |
September 19, 2011
Becoming Human video notes Hadar Ethiopia Great Rift Valley Africa rich in 3M year old animal fossils Donald Johanson found hominid knee joint 1973 Lucy 1974 DJ found Lucy 3.2M female named after Lucy from Beatles song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds last common ancestor of all later branches of the hominid tree Lucy was bipedal - under 4' tall hominid = bipedal animal including modern humans and all our bipedal ancestors Reconstructing Environments paleoecologist - scientist reconstructs environments Lucy's home was rich in food and trees which is good since Lucy had to climb trees to avoid predators Hadar people serves as guide sin hunt for animal and hominid fossils fossils tell us a lot - show that predators munched on hominids! every fossil offers insight into the environment Common Ancestors 1871 Charles Darwin suggested that humans and African apes shared common ancestor - proven right by later fossil finds and DNA experiments chimps and humans 98% same DNA HOWEVER, chimps will not evolve into humans nor will humans evolve into chimps - we're on different branches of the tree of life Nov. 18 2010 Go to http://www.edline.net/GroupHome.page to see the scans of Sumer notes Visit cool map pages at http://www.yourchildlearns.com/middle_east_map.htm How is farming helpful? What are some of the problems with farming? Compare and contrast the OSA (Paleolithic Age) with the NSA (Neolithic Age). Seven modern day countries Middle East form Fertile Crescent Vocabulary Meso Surplus Harvest Sow Irrigation Agriculture Domesticate Nomad Trade Resource Technology in the OSA and NSA Due Monday October 26 Screen shots of today's notes can be found at http://www.edline.net/files/_JaAee_/b5e7aabd81009d7d3745a49013852ec4/farming_problems_in_Meso.pdf October 21st Paleolithic Age - the first period of the Stone Age, called the Old Stone Age, from about two million years ago to around 8,000 B.C.E. Neolithic Age – the later part of the Stone Age, called the New Stone Age, lasted from around 8,000 B.C.E. till 3,000 B.C.E. started after the most recent Ice Age when climates stabilized Fertile Crescent – an arc shaped region in Southwest Asia with rich soil great for farming – home of first civilizations in Mesopotamia – modern day countries of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Egypt fall within the area domesticate – to train a wild animal to be useful to humans as a source of labor of food, clothing, tools, etc. agriculture – the business of farming – growing crops and raising animals nomad – one who moves from place to place with no permanent home trade – the business of buying and selling or exchanging items resource – something that can be used to fulfill a need surplus – an extra amount of something – can be saved for rainy day or traded Mesopotamia – land between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) – home to several early civilizations Tigris River – flows from mountains in Turkey to Persian Gulf Euphrates River - from mountains in Turkey to Persian Gulf Sumer – an area in southern Meso. where cities first appeared irrigation – means of supplying dry farm land with water via a series of pipes, canals, and ditches levee – a wall of earth built to prevent a river from flooding its banks city-state – an early city and surrounding farmland that was like a small, independent country with its own laws and government silt – fine particles of rock that help fertilize land with valuable nutrients sow – to plant seeds cultivate – to tend to crops harvest – to pick fully grown crops migrate –to make a permanent move to a new area October 19th 2010 *farming-one of the most important inventions of all time *farming=dependable food supply *grew wheat and barley *raised sheep, goats, and cattle for milk, meat, hides, and labor *farming led to permanent shelters *benefits of perm. shelters=protection from weather and predators, comfy lifestyle, new ways to cook, communities grew in size *3 basic needs: food (also water), shelter, clothing *benefits of communities= organize themselves better, division of labor, farmers, toolmakers, carpenters *communities=larger populations, better standard of living October 18th Neolithic Farming - Paleolithic Age 2M to 10K years ago - hunters & gathers (food collectors) - nomands= no permanent home - Neolithic - end of Ice Age about 10,000 years ago till about 5K yrs. ago - Homo sapien sapiens only hominid left - domesticated animals then plants - settled down - food producers - Fertile Crescent - home to first farms and these modern day countries It is impossible to juggle live snakes everyday: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt - October 6th 2010 Ch 2 food, clothing and shelter are the three basic needs better technology like the bow and arrow and spear thrower allowed our ancestors to hunt more efficiently and safely. The more protein one eats, the bigger the brain and muscles. In other words, smarter, technology rich ancestors could get more good food and get even smarter and pass on the technoogy and wisdom to new generations. Writing, perhaps more than any other advance, is greatly responsible for the explosion of technology over the last five thousand years. The last Ice Age at its height covered Franklin in about a mile thick ice sheet. one-third planet in ice air cold and dry plants died animals migrated in search of new food resources humans followed sea levels dropped 400 feet land bridges became exposed and people migrated form Asia to Alaska and every other continent but Antarctica ice melted to current levels by approximately 12,000 to 10,000 years ago climate grew wetter and warmer October 4, 2010 Ch. 2 *Paleoanthropologists Study life in Old Stone Age *3 M yr old female partial skeleton *1974- Africa * Don Johanson named her Lucy *One of oldest bipedal skeletons (biped=walk on two legs) *3-4 ft tall combo ape human *Lucy’s relatives 3-4 million yrs ago *Found in Great Rift Valley Advantages *Hands free-they could collect and carry food more easily than animals *Used hands to protect themselves and their kids Differences *Smaller brain *No tools *No language Homo Habilis *Louis and Mary Leakey found tools and bones only in Africa *1.5 M- 2 M yr. bones *The Leakeys are most famous archaeologists *Found simple tools made of stone and animal bones (crushing tools and cutting tools) *Compared to Lucy, they were taller, brain 2x the size, and may have been able to talk *Better diet and bigger brains means Longer Life *Lived in groups called bands of about 20 people Ch 2. October 4, 2010 Home erectus “Upright Man” Dioscovered 1891 in Java before Lucy and Homo habilis 1.6M-200K BC Migrated “left” Africa to Europe & Asia Strong bones = Taller & thinner & faster Bigger brains = complicated tools – stone axe Ate meat – not sure if hunted or just road kill fans Built wood shelters with complex tools Used fire to great advantage a. could live in colder areas with more resources – less competition b. cook meat & plants for improved health c. protection from predators Homo sapien (Neanderthal) discovered 1856 in Germany Africa, Europe, western Asia 300K to 20,000-30,000 years – co-existed w/ humans for last 10K years Strong like bull and intelligent Over 60 complex tools to improve meeting basic needs food, clothing, shelter Travel ed and hunted as a group Sense of community – signs of burials & rituals, cared for injured and sick – benefit = learn from wisdom of elders No one knows why they died out September 29, 2010 archaeology The recovery and study of the remains of the past. excavation •The process of digging up the remains of the past. prehistory •The time BEFORE writing history A record of what happened in the past. The study of the past when there WAS writing artifact A human-made object of archaeological or historical importance Oral Tradition •The stories, myths, and legends passed on my word of mouth from generation to generation. Primary Source Information about people or events recorded at the time of the people or events Secondary Source Information about people or events recorded long after the time of the people or events fossil The remains or imprint of a human, animal, plant, or insect. More fossils Radiocarbon Dating •A system for determining the age of an artifact based on the fact that carbon decay (diminish) or becomes less at a regular rate. RADIOCARBON DATING Radiocarbon dating limitations •More than 1000 years old •Less than 60,000 years old How does radiocarbon dating work? •All living things (plants / animals) absorb carbon from the atmosphere •A small amount of the carbon is radioactive When a plant or animal dies, it stops absorbing carbon. The radioactive carbon absorbed when it was alive, then begins to decay at a known rate. •Archaeologists have figured out methods of measuring the amount of radioactive carbon left in objects like bones and wood. •Using this information, they can figure out when a plant or animal died. They can even figure out how long ago the tree used to MAKE an artifact lived!!! historian •A person who writes or studies history May 26 2010 Pg 406-p 411 Rise Rome Republic republic vote for leaders two consuls replaced kings Senate guided consuls Not a demo. only patricians have political, religious, military jobs patricians rich Romans – lots of power plebeians mostly poor, no power debt bondage - sell oneself into servitude (slavery) plebian complaints poor had to serve in army, debt bondage, no written laws, could not hold political, military, religious jobs march to equality moved from Rome twice wanted same rights as patricians patricians gave in – written laws (Twelve Tables), kept Council of Plebians could veto Senate laws Tribunes protect plebian rights Could join Senate Could be priest Debt bondage illegal After 200 years, in 287 BC get same rights as patricians Over 200 years, Roman plebeians, who were mostly poor, and the wealthy patricians battled for power until the plebeians, after having withdrawn from Rome twice, forced patricians to give up power so that all were treated equally by 287 BC. April 13th Learn more about Pericles at http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/htmlver/characters/f_pericles.html March 1 today's video can be viewed at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4lw7pOCGCs Acropolis – rocky outcrop top hill in Athens 508 BC people w/ no organized leaders revolt and defeat rulers in Athens – 1st time recorded history - Cleisthenes (kli sten ease) - Challenge – invent new govt. give people say in future of Athens - Meet near Acropolis to share ideas – rich & poor - Vote instead of sword - Citizen votes decided taxes, public works projects, declare war - - D = flowering of culture - Pericles further developed Athenian democracy - Greece (G) no major river - No city-state more than 40 M from ocean - Year round growing - olives, grapes on rocky hilly terrain - not enough flat land for sufficient wheat harvest - had to trade for wheat - major sea traders - exported language & ideas = democracy (colonial revolutionaries), architecture, art, science, math, theater (tragedy & comedy) and philosophy - demos = people - cracy = rule of - 508 BC common people revolt – tyranny dies (Athens – Acropolis (hill)) - Cleisthenes back from exile at people’s request - C’s challenge = give people say - No swords, just votes (b & w stones) - Feb. 8th Describe the benefits of Egypt’s geography that protected it from most invaders mountains, Sahara Desert, Med. Sea, six cataracts Describe the five benefits of the Nile. - flood waters bring fertile silt/black mud - flood waters can be stored for irrigation during dry growing seasons (rivers can be tapped – water taken from river series of canals, ditches, shadoufs) Bring the history of Egyptian afterlife to life. Write the handbook for pharaohs Explain the achievements of Egypt’s architects, doctors, scientists, etc. -First medical book – treatments, medicines - new & improved lunar calendar helped w/ farming – planning when to sow seeds & harvest crops - architecture -OBELISKS – tall tapering stone structure with pyramid on top, honor gods and pharaohs - Great Pyramids at Giza (3) including the Great Pyramid - Sphinx – close to the Great Pyramids Abu Simbel Valley of Kings tombs Write the history of the Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone was the most important discovery of an Egyptian artifact because the three languages on it – Greek, and two of Egyptian hieroglyphics, helped to unlock the mysteries of in ancient Egypt, including facts about its leaders, daily life, and religion. Jan. 25 Queen Hatshepsut (reigned 1503-1482 B.C.) First E woman pharaoh, was very smart & successful first woman to rule an empire Time of peace and prosperity, signed a lot of peace and trade treaties with other nations Lots of trade with other countries (Punt = Somalia and Byblos = Lebanon) Killed or resigned? No one knows! Her deeds were almost completely erased from history (etching, art, statues, etc.) by Thutmose III polytheism = belief in more than one god, Egyptians, like Sumerians, babylonians, Assyrians, were polytheistic science achievement = lunar based calendar important for farming (time to plant/sow time to harvest) An obelisk is a tall, thin, four-sided, tapering (gets smaller) monument which ends in a pyramid top. Ramses II built at least 23 obelisks and Hatshepsut built at least four Founding Fathers George Washington – First President Ben Franklin - statesmen Thomas Jefferson – wrote Declaration, third president Alexander Hamilton – wrote most of the Federalist Papers James Madison - Federalist Papers, 4th president John Jay – first chief justice, helped write Federalist Papers (arguments in favor Constitution) John Adams – helped spread good news of Declaration, second president 1-14 * afterlife = a happy second life after death * pyramids for tombs * need body in afterlife, not allowed to decay or spirit would die or no fun * embalming = treat body to protect from rot * embalming allowed mummification * buried w/ everything need in afterlife – food, gold & jewels, clothes, pets, drinks, games, statues of servants * rich people like royal family buried w/ lots of wealthy items, but even poor w/ some possessions * need images & items to make sure good life carries on * after mummy in tomb, spells, chants to help guide trip to next world * heart = brain * Book of Dead – magic spells, hymns, prayers for tomb ceremonies * Anubis – god w/ head of jackal preps body for afterlife, weighs dead person’s heart against feather of truth in trial before gods * If heart heavier than feather, then the weight of sin promises a second eternal death rather than new life in afterlife 1-12 Nile Egypt’s lifeline FLOWS NORTH from higher elevation to lower Empties in Med. Sea 4,000 miles long towards the mouth it… - spreads out - slows down - grows more shallow - deposits lots of sediment and silt - surrounded by Sahara Desert to east and west fan shaped / lotus flower shape at mouth five gifts of the Nile 1. predictable flooding brought fertile silt (Black Land) (Sahara was Red Land) 2. water irrigation of crops 3. trade and transport route 4. protein rich food source (fish/birds) 5. papyrus – paper, boats, baskets, sandals 6. bonus : cataracts (rapids/waterfalls) helped to keep out invaders 7. double bonus – Sahara Desert also kept out invaders (3,000 miles east to west) Rosetta Stone - Found in Rosetta Egypt by Napolean’s soldiers - Same message in three languages including Greek - French man used his knowledge of Greek to decode the hieroglyphics RS secret decoder ring unlocked all the history of ancient Egypt 1-4 epic = adventure filled story of a hero Gilgamesh was the title of the first epic - story of a king in Mesopotamia 12-16 check out both summaries- which one do you prefer? Panther wheel summary There were several technological advances that led to the invention of the wheel. First, crafty Sumerians moved heavy objects on log rollers. Next, people or animal pulled sledges were developed to move heavy items. Then, rollers and sledges were combined for a more efficient way to move items. Finally, around 4,000 BC, axles and wheels replaced log rollers and sledges. Bobcat wheel summary There were several technological advances that led to the invention of the wheel. First, crafty Sumerians moved heavy objects on log rollers. Second, heavy objects were placed on sledges which were basically flat pieces of wood similar to sleds without runners. Next, the Sumerians put sledges on top of log rollers together in order to move even heavier items more efficiently. Over time, the Sumerians noticed that the heavy sledges created grooves in the logs. These grooves allowed for even faster travel. Eventually the wheels were separated from the logs and attached to axles which allowed the sledges to be turned and thereby offer the greatest level of convenience when moving large objects. 12-9 Wheel evolution * 4,000 BC * results of advanced metalworking * solid wood * Central Asia invent spoked wheel about 2,000 BC unclear if wheel developed independently in Asia * spoked wheel brought to Mes. by nomadic invaders pre-wheel movement * log rollers • sledges • sledges on log rollers • axle and wheel (independent movement each wheel) What cultures helped Develop the wheel? Sumerians & Chinese Consequence of no wheel civilization & technology stalls and dies; eg. Pre-Columbian Central American Benefit easier transportation/trade Economic advantage Advanced technology follows Helpful move heavy materials faster, safer, cheaper 11-10 tools make life easier easier to meet basic needs and get luxury items Hand axe – cut stuff for shelters Fire = stay warm, live where it’s cold, less competition for food Sewing needle = make clothes, stay warm in colder environments Hide scraper – clothing Trade tools for other items Spears more accurate Spears safer – don’t have to get as close to animal The better the weapon, the bigger the game & safer for humans, better nutrition 10-28 be sure to review your sources web a primary source is a witness to an event or the same period of time a secondary source is something produced long after an event or time prehistory is the time before writing (3,000 BC) What is a written source? Letters Money Rosetta Stone Diaries Books, magazines, newspapers Texting Instant messaging What is a non-written source? Bones, fossils, artifacts - tools, jewelry, clothes, drawings, ruins of old buildings What are the benefits of tools? tools allow humans to better control/adapt various environments TOOLS HELPED EARLY HUMANS BETTER MEET THE THREE BASIC NEEDS - FOOD, CLOTHING, SHELTER can take advantage of a greater variety of food stone cutting tools can cut animal hides sharpened antlers can be used to dig for roots tools were first made of stone, then antlers, and bone some single use tools include scrapers from separating flesh form hides, piercing tools for sewing, spears the hand axe is a multi use tool because it could be used to cut wood, dig for roots, serve as a weapon, break open shells simplify life, especially in the drive to meet the three basic needs Homo habilis was the first ancestor to use tools 2.5 million years ago flint was a commonly used to make stone tools tools became more complicated over time and single use tools evolved into multi-use tools (hand axe) technology is the tools, materials, and methods used to control and simplify life 10-22 heretic = non-believer, in many cases uses to describe someone who doesn't believe in a certain religious beliefs exile = to be forced from one's own country, usually at great loss of wealth and property Inqusition started in 1200's - ended in 1700's due to spread if ideas developed in the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment - "life, liberty & the pursuit of happiness" is an idea that came to life thanks to the new thinking during Enlightenment. Science rather than just religion was looked to for explanations about life lack of money also helped to bring an end to the Inquisition which had spread to Portugal and to a smaller degree Mexico and central America, and North and South America 10-20 Writing and Language Updated 2.5M years ago ORAL language started as clicking sounds words came much later advantages: yell warning plan hunts talk about past 200,000 years ago language exploded started to use lots of words could discuss abstract ideas (all in one's mind) like love, hate, religion polytheism = belief in more than one god monotheism = belie fin one god Jews were first monotheistic religion the = Greek for god writing was invented 3,000 BC by Sumerians in Mesopotamia to keep business records, poems, songs, stories came later writing system called cuneiform was hard to learn scribes were the trained writers and readers Phoenicians (modern day Lebanon) didn't like cuneiform because it was too many symbols, they invented 22-letter alphabet (world's first alphabet) alphabet with few letters can be made into many thousands of words far more easily than symbols writing may be the most important invention of all-time!!! 10-19 Writing Sumerians invented writing, the plow, the wheel and the sailboat writing invented about 3000 BC Sumer was in Fertile Crescent symbols on bulla led to pictographs which led to 600 cuneiform symbols Phoenicians needed to simplify trading so they took the 600 symbols and created a 22 letter alphabet of sound symbols that could be use din various combinations to make words writing allowed traders to maintain accurate records of imports and exports, protect property and most importantly, make a profit and become powerful writing allowed kings to keep accurate tax records tax revenues allowed kings to... ...build and maintain complicated irrigation systems that supported farms and fed thousands of people ...build and maintain important buildings like ziggurats - combination food warehouses/temps that reached towards the heavens and were used to store food and as place for priests to worship gods, ziggurats were the central buildings of Sumerian and later, Babylonian cities ...maintain armies for defense or empire building ...written laws could be shared with people far and wide to help maintain law and order and minimize threats to the king go to http://looklex.com/e.o/ur.htm to see a picture of a rebuilt ziggurat Benefits of Language Language started approx. 2.5M years ago skeletal remains show evidence of bones necessary for speech enetic evidence now hints that language become far more extensive approx. 200,000 years ago First language thought to be clicking sounds, not words First language was very simple; very few expressions Language allowed hominids to more easily work together To plan animal hunts – strategy sessions Job training – how to build tools, shelters, etc. Share ideas on the use of tools, hunt, and build shelters Pass on traditions Led to the development of culture which includes religion, celebrations, holidays, literature, art, music Talk about the future Improve their ability to meet their basic needs Argue about the best ideas: new inventions, culture Talk about the past and plan for the future Language allow sone to discuss feelings and ideas Language allows humans to share ideas, feelings, and build a sense of community and culture. 10-14 summary of the birth of farming Ice Age ended 12K-10K ago when climate stabilized after having grown warmer and wetter and remains relatively unchanged nomadic shepherds used domesticated dogs to help herd domesticated sheet and goats animals were good sources of 1. meat 2. milk 3. bones for fishhooks and tools 4. body parts for canteens, string 5. hide and wool for clothing wheat and barley were the first domesticated crops Mesopotamia = Greek for land between two rivers Tigris and Euphrates annually flooded region and left nutritious, fertile soil behind sow = to plant seeds surplus = more than needed surplus could be traded for basic needs or luxury items surplus could prevent famine during times of crop failure dangers of farming 1. bugs 2. floods after plants sown 3. fire by enemies or lightning 4. drought 5. less varied diet 6. invaders may try to steal food all of these dangers could result in famine which is widespread starvation irrigation systems were used to keep plants alive during very hot and very dry summer growing season irrigation systems bring water to dry lands through a series of pipes, canals and ditches 10-7 fire was first controlled by human ancestors approx. 400K ago (homo erectus) fire was a benefit for several reasons 1. cook meat and kill disease 2. cook plants and make them easier to digest and therefore more nutritious 3. stay warm and be able to move to colder places 4. light the dark 5. protection from animals 6. use torches to chase/hunt animals 7. used to make stronger tools (harden wooden spears) 8. much later, used to harden clay domestication of animals was a benefit 1. provided labor - dogs herd animals 2. food - meat, milk, wool for clothing 3. body parts for drinking bags, bones for tools, weapons, fish hooks 10-6 Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) started about 2.5M years ago with homo habilis the handyman who made simple stone tools people lived in groups of 20-50 people called bands nomadic hunter-gatherers lived happily off vast supplies of fruits, berries, nuts, and sometimes meat as weapons became more advanced, diet began to include more meat three basic needs relatively easy to meet in warm regions of Africa 1. food. 2. clothing. 3. shelter during Ice Age 33% planet covered by ice about 20K years ago humans moved everywhere but Antarctica ocean levels dropped about 400 feet climate grew colder and drier land bridges were exposed that connected Siberia to Alaska (Asia to the Americas) and islands from Cambodia to Indonesia and Australia plants died due to drastic climate change animals migrated in search of food humans followed and made it to every continent but the frosty land of Antarctica Neolithic Age (new Stone Age) time after end of most recent Ice Age cold spell Ice Age ended 12-10K years ago as climate stabilized and grew wetter there were about one million humans alive at this time humans started domesticating (farming) animals - dogs, sheep, goats; animals could provide labor, food, and materials for clothing and tools (lamb's wool for clothes, bones for tools and fishhooks, ligaments for threads) later, humans started to sow (plant) seeds in a region of the Middle East named Mesopoatmia = the land between to rivers; the Tigris and Euphrates the wandering days of nomads came to a close for those groups that started to farm wheat & barley farming was not easy required fertile soil and steady water source dangers of farming 1. bugs 2. floods after plants sown 3. fire by enemies or lightning 4. drought 5. less varied diet 6. invaders may try to steal food all of these dangers could result in famine benefits of farming 1. could produce surplus crops for trade and saving for rainy day 2. support much larger population in smaller region 3. produce wealth 4. support job specialization since not everyone will be needed to hunt and gather food 10-5 33% planet covered by ice about 20K years ago humans moved everywhere but Antarctica ocean levels dropped about 400 feet climate grew colder and drier 9-23 Leakey Family Who: Louis & Mary Richard Meave Louise Where: Africa Great Rift Valley Tanzania Olduvai Gorge When: 1920’s-present (Louis & Mary are dead) What: proved humans evolved in Africa • footprints found by Mary proved bipedalism over 3M yrs. Ago • homo Habilis 2.5M yrs ago found on same layer with simple stone tools • large number of fossils bones and artifacts found by Leakeys • made archaeology cool & popular with general public 9-22 Five W's Who: Leakey Family Louis and Mary Where: eastern Africa, Olduvai Gorge– Great Rift Valley (substitute adjectives and verbs when paraprashing) What: fossils of early ancestor buried with basic stone tools, homo Habilis 2.5M (handy man) Louis set out in the 1920's to prove that humans evolved in Africa and did so with the help of Mary's many discoveries artifacts = man made items such as tools, clothes, jewelry, coins, pottery, art; noun fossils = bones or imprints of humans, our ancestors, puppies, lizards; noun ruins = remains of old buildings, dwellings, structures; noun excavate – to dig; verb excavation; noun |
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